Why would an electricity system pump water uphill?
Water raised to an upper reservoir stores energy that can later be recovered through a turbine and generator. Pumped storage shifts electricity use across time, with losses between charging and discharge.
Questions you could explore
- What is the difference between how much energy a reservoir stores and how quickly it can release it?
- Why is the return smaller than the energy used to pump?
Start reading
- U.S. Department of EnergyHow Pumped Storage Hydropower Works
The US Department of Energy explains the pumping and generating phases of a two-reservoir system.
- U.S. Energy Information AdministrationUtility-scale batteries and pumped storage return about 80% of the electricity they store
The US EIA defines round-trip efficiency; its fleet figures describe 2019 rather than current performance.
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