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The older book hiding beneath a manuscript

A page can carry more than one history. In the Archimedes Palimpsest, parchment bearing older texts was scraped, rearranged, and written on again to make a prayer book. Traces of the earlier writing survived beneath the later text, although these were manuscript copies rather than Archimedes’ own handwriting.

3–5 min

Questions you could explore

  • What can the physical arrangement of a page reveal about its reuse?

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Why does a radiocarbon date need a second kind of clock?

History4–5 minA radiocarbon measurement does not translate directly into one calendar year. The amount of radiocarbon in the atmosphere has varied, so dating relies on comparison with material whose age is already known.

History

Reading a buried timeline

A deep object is not necessarily the oldest thing at an archaeological site. A later pit can cut through earlier ground, leaving a sequence that has to be reconstructed from relationships between layers.

12–15 min

Reading a buried timeline

History12–15 minA deep object is not necessarily the oldest thing at an archaeological site. A later pit can cut through earlier ground, leaving a sequence that has to be reconstructed from relationships between layers.

History

When Britain’s railways needed a shared clock

A timetable becomes awkward when the clocks at its two ends disagree. In nineteenth-century Britain, railway journeys helped turn local time into a shared coordination problem, while the telegraph helped distribute an answer.

8–10 min

When Britain’s railways needed a shared clock

History8–10 minA timetable becomes awkward when the clocks at its two ends disagree. In nineteenth-century Britain, railway journeys helped turn local time into a shared coordination problem, while the telegraph helped distribute an answer.

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