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How can lightning turn sand into glass?

A flash that lasts a moment can leave a glassy trace in the ground. At Great Sand Dunes, lightning can melt sand around its path, leaving structures called fulgurites. The resulting material records intense local heating and cooling, although a glass-like appearance alone does not identify every specimen as a lightning product.

3–7 min

Questions you could explore

  • What clues could help distinguish lightning-formed glass from glass produced in another way?

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Earth and weather

Why is the sky blue, but a sunset often red?

The same Sun can light a blue afternoon and a red evening. What changes is the route its light takes through the atmosphere and which colors are scattered along the way.

3–5 min

Why is the sky blue, but a sunset often red?

Earth and weather3–5 minThe same Sun can light a blue afternoon and a red evening. What changes is the route its light takes through the atmosphere and which colors are scattered along the way.

Earth and weather

How can lines on a map show a steep hill?

A flat map can warn you that a route climbs sharply before you ever see the hill. Contour lines join places of equal height, and their spacing adds information about how quickly the ground rises.

2–3 min

How can lines on a map show a steep hill?

Earth and weather2–3 minA flat map can warn you that a route climbs sharply before you ever see the hill. Contour lines join places of equal height, and their spacing adds information about how quickly the ground rises.

Earth and weather

How can an earthquake alert arrive before strong shaking?

An earthquake alert can beat the strongest shaking to a distant location even though the earthquake has already started. Detection and communication can travel ahead of the damaging waves, but nearby places may receive little or no warning.

4–5 min

How can an earthquake alert arrive before strong shaking?

Earth and weather4–5 minAn earthquake alert can beat the strongest shaking to a distant location even though the earthquake has already started. Detection and communication can travel ahead of the damaging waves, but nearby places may receive little or no warning.

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