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How can a harmless sound become a learned signal?

A sound that once meant little can start predicting something important. Pavlov's conditioning experiments provide a classic example of learning a connection between stimuli. Explore how a cue acquires its effect, and how that differs from learning through the consequences of an action.

3–5 min

Questions you could explore

  • What changes between the cue's first appearance and its later effect?
  • How does this differ from learning through the consequences of an action?

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3–7 min

When a question reshapes a memory

Psychology3–7 minAfter a car crash or a crime, the way an investigator phrases a single question can change what a witness remembers seeing. Research on eyewitness reports separates what someone originally observed from information introduced afterward, making question wording a crucial part of the evidence problem.

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