Language Fundamentals
Who vs. Whom

Use 'who' for subjects, 'whom' for objects, or simplify the sentence.

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What it is

The grammatical distinction between "who" (subject form) and "whom" (object form), where "who" performs actions and "whom" receives them, though "whom" is increasingly rare in casual speech while remaining important in formal writing.

Before & after

Before

“Incorrect: "Whom is calling?" (should be "who" as subject)”

After

“Correct: "Who is calling?" (subject) and "To whom are you speaking?" (object)”

When you’ll use it

Employee introductions: "This is the manager who leads the team" (subject) vs "the manager whom we hired" (object)

Meeting references: "Who will attend?" (subject) vs "Whom should we invite?" (object)

Performance discussions: "The employee who excelled" (subject) vs "the employee whom we promoted" (object)

Client communications: "Who is responsible?" (subject) vs "To whom should I send this?" (object)

Pro tip

If you can answer with 'him,' use 'whom.' If 'he,' use 'who.'

Questions & answers

3 questions

When should I use 'who' vs. 'whom' in business communication?

Use 'who' as the subject ('Who is leading the project?') and 'whom' as the object ('To whom shoul...

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Is 'whom' still important in professional writing?

'Whom' is becoming less critical in modern business communication. Use it in formal contexts when...

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How can I remember when to use 'whom'?

Replace with 'him' or 'her'—if it works, use 'whom.' 'To whom should I speak?' = 'Should I speak ...

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