Language Fundamentals
Who vs. Whom
Use 'who' for subjects, 'whom' for objects, or simplify the sentence.
In Language FundamentalsLast updated
What it is
The grammatical distinction between "who" (subject form) and "whom" (object form), where "who" performs actions and "whom" receives them, though "whom" is increasingly rare in casual speech while remaining important in formal writing.
Before & after
Before
“Incorrect: "Whom is calling?" (should be "who" as subject)”
After
“Correct: "Who is calling?" (subject) and "To whom are you speaking?" (object)”
When you’ll use it
Employee introductions: "This is the manager who leads the team" (subject) vs "the manager whom we hired" (object)
Meeting references: "Who will attend?" (subject) vs "Whom should we invite?" (object)
Performance discussions: "The employee who excelled" (subject) vs "the employee whom we promoted" (object)
Client communications: "Who is responsible?" (subject) vs "To whom should I send this?" (object)
Pro tip
If you can answer with 'him,' use 'whom.' If 'he,' use 'who.'
Questions & answers
When should I use 'who' vs. 'whom' in business communication?
Use 'who' as the subject ('Who is leading the project?') and 'whom' as the object ('To whom should I send this?'). However, 'who' is increasingly acceptable in most contexts. Prioritize natural communication over rigid grammar rules.
Is 'whom' still important in professional writing?
'Whom' is becoming less critical in modern business communication. Use it in formal contexts when you're confident it's correct, but don't worry about it in casual business communication. Clear, natural expression matters more than perfect traditional grammar.
How can I remember when to use 'whom'?
Replace with 'him' or 'her'—if it works, use 'whom.' 'To whom should I speak?' = 'Should I speak to him?' If you'd use 'he' or 'she,' use 'who.' When in doubt, 'who' is usually acceptable in modern business communication.
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