Argumentation Techniques
Toulmin Model
Structure arguments using claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal components.
What it is
Before & after
“We should hire more people because we're busy and everyone says we need help.”
“We should hire 3 engineers (claim) because sprint velocity dropped 30% (data), since understaffed teams can't maintain quality (warrant), backed by industry studies (backing), though budget constraints may limit timing (qualifier), despite concerns about training costs (rebuttal).”
When you’ll use it
Strategic proposals: 'We should expand to Asia (claim) because revenue projections show 40% growth potential (data), given that emerging markets typically yield higher returns (warrant)'
Budget justifications: Present spending request with data, explain the connecting logic, acknowledge limitations, and address potential objections
Performance evaluations: Make promotion case with evidence, underlying principles, supporting context, confidence level, and objection handling
Pro tip
Build complete arguments: what you want (claim), why it's true (data), how they connect (warrant), plus qualifiers and rebuttals.
Questions & answers
3 questionsLearn more
Practice sessions
AI-Powered Speaking Practice
Practice speaking with AI analysis of your filler words, pace, and clarity. Get detailed feedback to improve your communication skills.
Start Practice SessionLive practice
Impromptu Speaking Practice
Practice impromptu speaking with AI-powered analysis, optional question sets, and detailed scoring after every attempt.
Start Impromptu PracticeAudio examples
Audio Examples
Listen to clear demonstrations of toulmin model with before/after examples and guided explanations.
Get Started