Figures of Speech
Apostrophe

Address absent persons, abstract concepts, or inanimate objects directly for dramatic effect.

Last updated

What it is

A rhetorical device where the speaker directly addresses someone absent, dead, or imaginary, or speaks to abstract concepts or inanimate objects as if they could respond. This creates dramatic emphasis and emotional connection by making the abstract concrete and personal.

Before & after

Before

We need to focus more on achieving success and innovation in our business.

After

Innovation, where have you been hiding? Success, we're coming for you. Fear, you have no place here.

When you’ll use it

Motivational speeches: 'Success, you have been elusive, but today we claim you' to personalize abstract goals

Memorial presentations: 'Steve Jobs, your vision continues to inspire our innovation' when honoring departed leaders

Strategic pivots: 'Old business model, you served us well, but now we must evolve' when announcing major changes

Pro tip

Talk directly to concepts like they're in the room. It makes abstract ideas feel present and powerful.

Questions & answers

3 questions

Learn more

Practice this concept

Practice public speaking

Apply rhetorical techniques like this in your own speeches and get AI feedback on structure, clarity, and delivery.